Antwone Fisher :: essays research papers

Antwone Fisher      Director:      Denzel Washington      Producers:     Randa Haines           Todd Black      Casting:     Robi Reed-Humes *Main Characters:* Antwone Fisher (Derek Luke):  â â â â Antwone not just battles with coexisting with his group individuals while serving in the Navy, yet in addition his harsh past as an encourage kid. Cheryl (Joy Bryant):â â â â â â â â â â Atwone’s love intrigue. She did not depend on a real individual, however is a mix or interests. Dr. Jerome Davenport (Denzel Washington):â â â â â A maritime specialist who Antwone goes to looking for help. Berta Davenport (Salli Richardson):â â â â â Dr. Jerome Davenport’s spouse. Mrs. Tate:â â â â â Antwone’s temporary mother that manhandles and deprecates Antwone while a fellow alongside his two other cultivate siblings. *Plot Summary:* In light of a genuine story, this true to life dramatization based on Antwone â€Å"Fish† Fisher. In the start of the story, he was a mariner inclined to savage upheavals. Very nearly being kicked out of the Navy for continued battling, he is sent to a maritime therapist for help. Declining to open up, Dr. Davenport cleverly slips his way into getting Antwone to talk. Antwone in the end separates and uncovers a terrible youth with disregard and misuse. With the assistance of Dr. Davenport, he can confront his past and take a stab at progress to discover the family he has never met. Simultaneously, he can turn his life around and transform it significantly. At long last, he is brought together with the two his father’s side of the family and his mom who has relinquished him. *Climax:* After Antwone’s graduation from his Japanese courses, Dr. Davenport clarifies that he no longer can see him for mental assistance, and that he can't generally rely upon him being there. Antwone then feels a sentiment of deserting by his family, yet in addition by Dr. Davenport who has been there for him through numerous extreme occasions. He at that point chooses to transform himself around and proceed onward resolved. *Conflict:* Antwone Fisher was a man who experiences difficulty taking care of business since he can't remain steadfast. He can't remain steadfast as a result of the weight that was put on him experiencing childhood in a situation where everybody disclosed to him he was useless. Inevitably, Antwone can develop and prosper, in light of the fact that like any tree that stands tall and solid, he finds that he has roots, and they run extremely profound. Antwone Fisher :: papers research papers Antwone Fisher      Director:      Denzel Washington      Producers:     Randa Haines           Todd Black      Casting:     Robi Reed-Humes *Main Characters:* Antwone Fisher (Derek Luke):  â â â â Antwone not just battles with coexisting with his team individuals while serving in the Navy, yet additionally his damaging past as a cultivate kid. Cheryl (Joy Bryant):â â â â â â â â â â Atwone’s love intrigue. She did not depend on a genuine individual, yet is a mix or interests. Dr. Jerome Davenport (Denzel Washington):â â â â â A maritime specialist who Antwone goes to looking for help. Berta Davenport (Salli Richardson):â â â â â Dr. Jerome Davenport’s spouse. Mrs. Tate:â â â â â Antwone’s temporary mother that manhandles and puts down Antwone while a fellow alongside his two other encourage siblings. *Plot Summary:* In light of a genuine story, this anecdotal show based on Antwone â€Å"Fish† Fisher. In the start of the story, he was a mariner inclined to rough upheavals. Very nearly being kicked out of the Navy for continued battling, he is sent to a maritime specialist for help. Declining to open up, Dr. Davenport shrewdly slips his way into getting Antwone to talk. Antwone in the long run separates and uncovers a terrible adolescence with disregard and misuse. With the assistance of Dr. Davenport, he can confront his past and make progress toward progress to discover the family he has never met. Simultaneously, he can turn his life around and transform it significantly. At long last, he is brought together with the two his father’s side of the family and his mom who has surrendered him. *Climax:* After Antwone’s graduation from his Japanese courses, Dr. Davenport clarifies that he no longer can see him for mental assistance, and that he can't generally rely upon him being there. Antwone then feels a sentiment of relinquishment by his family, yet in addition by Dr. Davenport who has been there for him through numerous intense occasions. He at that point chooses to completely change himself around and proceed onward resolved. *Conflict:* Antwone Fisher was a man who experiences difficulty taking care of business since he can't remain steadfast. He can't remain steadfast as a result of the weight that was put on him experiencing childhood in a situation where everybody revealed to him he was useless. In the end, Antwone can develop and prosper, in light of the fact that like any tree that stands tall and solid, he finds that he has roots, and they run extremely profound.

The Citizenship Rights Of Asylum Seekers In Britain Essay

The Citizenship Rights Of Asylum Seekers In Britain - Essay Example â€Å"This recommends that there is an association between someone’s nationality and the topic of whether they represent a danger to our security. This has taken care of network turmoil, minimization and even savagery against minority groups† (Asylum, n. d.). It is difficult for certain nationalities to get citizenship in Britain regardless of whether they are exiles. â€Å"The arrangement of migration control in the UK parts individuals into two general classes: the individuals who have 'right of home' in the UK and who can live, work and move all through the nation as they wish, and the individuals who require authorization so as to enter and remain here† (Immigration - In England, 2010). 9/11 has changed a ton of laws as for the citizenship of outcasts in Britain. Prior, very little isolation was experienced by the displaced people. Presently it is hard for individuals particularly from the Muslim nations to get citizenship in Britain. Current changes parents in law regarding citizenship in Britain for haven searchers are antagonistically influencing the exiles. Simultaneously, if an individual have been given displaced person status or compassionate security in the UK, and his underlying consent to remain there will lapse before the new arrangement of 'earned citizenship' comes into power (booked for July 2011),he can even now apply for settlement and British citizenship under the present standards (Asylum: Refugees' course to settlement, n. d). As it were, the fixing of the guidelines is proposed for the outcasts who may look for refuge in Britain in future.

A Critical Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

A Critical Reflection - Essay Example I understood that I could bring in some cash on the off chance that I offered some marked wristbands to my companions at edge. In spite of the fact that the endeavor crumbled presently because of absence of adequate assets, it assumed a basic job in forming my life towards continually searching for chances to fulfill neglected business needs. I accept that achievement doesn't come distinctly from trying sincerely yet in addition by taking advantage of lucky breaks at the perfect time. Basically, enterprise expects one to have a talent of recognizing the neglected needs, surveying the business capability of a thought and afterward at last resolving to actualize the thought. Since my first involvement with business at ten years old, I have put forth critical attempts to improve my own association abilities so as to be powerful. One of the key territories that incredibly impact enterprising achievement is time the board. Arranging and beneficial utilization of time is basic in helping o ne to accomplish their objectives (Bird and West 2007). So as to deal with my time adequately, I generally plan my function admirably ahead of time and attempt to follow the timetable in like manner. In any case, at times I do get occupied by different obligations, for example, family issues and veer off from my set plans. Additionally, private commitment and having a ton of fun devour a huge part of my time which would some way or another be used in an increasingly gainful way. Enterprise frequently includes the quest for new and creative thoughts. Hence, a business person naturally works in a profoundly upsetting and testing workplace. I have figured out how to disguise and apply this expertise in my life by practicing mindfulness of my own qualities and impediments as I seek after business objectives. As indicated by Rae, relational cooperation is a center segment of enterprise capacities (Blenker et al 2012). Business unavoidably includes communications with individuals of diffe rent foundations. For example, a businessperson needs to cooperate with clients, contenders, providers, government specialists and different partners. In my day by day tries, I generally target developing my system of social and industry contacts. I have discovered that it is through connections with individuals that I am ready to discover what is essential to them and comprehend the circumstance from their points of view. This is in a general sense significant for a business person as it causes one to increase complete comprehension of the client and establishes the frameworks for making an item that splendidly addresses the requirements of the customers. Collaboration is fundamental in enterprise since the undertakings included are regularly colossal and hard for a solitary individual to deal with (Clarke and Robin 2010). Working in groups requires the pioneer to energize people to towards the fulfillment of a shared objective. Exchanges are additionally basic as a major aspect of relational cooperations since a business visionary needs to can hope for the most ideal arrangements. From the business module, I have that exchanges require appropriate arranging, clear objectives and tolerance (Robson 2010). These segments are significant since they help one to get the best outcomes from any exchange and agree. Teece (2010) noticed that a thought remains essentially a thought except if it is thoroughly surveyed to discover its latent capacity esteem. Importantly, it is audacious to race into executing a business a thought before examining its practicality. The initial step of business enterprise is thinking of new or better plans to unravel difficulties in the general public. It is obvious from the learning in this module that once an open door has been recognized, the business visionary ought to explore and create alternatives for misusing the chance. It is additionally essential for one to business visionary to recognize how the accessible assets

Want to Know More About Short Expository Essay Samples?

Want to Know More About Short Expository Essay Samples? The Secret to Short Expository Essay Samples Every term paper is centered on developing particular skills letting college students obtain necessary expertise in writing several types of essays. If you still find it difficult to work on your expository essay, get in touch with our on-line writing team made from professional writers with 10 or more decades of experience to receive your own personal academic lifebuoy! Some college students could be requested to compose an expository essay for a number of classes like history, literature, or social sciences, and it may also turn into a task on an exam. Therefore, many students and employees decide to get inexpensive essay rather than writing it themselves. Now you are prepared to get started drafting. Keep in mind, though you might not be crafting the upcoming great novel, you are trying to leave an enduring impression on the folks evaluating your essay. Your writing has to be brief and concise. More than every other sort of writing, expository writing is a daily requirement of the majority of careers. New Ideas Into Short Expository Essay Samples Never Before Revealed Choose the one which you liek to compose an ideal expository essay! Locate the trustworthy information for the essay topic you are likely to work on. There are lots of expository essay topics to pick from. Obviously, the subject of an essay is distinguished based on the students' age. The overall definition of the expression expository is something meant to explain or describe. Before anything else, it's required to think over a winning and intriguing topic. It's much better to pick out a topic from daily life to make it even more relatable. When you get a we ll-formulated topic, it's a half success of your final writing. The goal of the expository essay is to expand the info on this issue in a logical method. Students often lose an excessive amount of time trying to find the ideal option and wind up having no time left for writing. Expository essay is a significant means to educate your readers on any topic by only providing useful information without attempting to convince a reader to modify their beliefs. The majority of the moment, expository essays are presented by offering a range of topics and methods to bring up the idea. An expository essay is composed of facts. It is a piece of academic writing aimed to provide explanations of various things. While it should be clear and concise, it can also be lively and engaging. Writing a great expository essay isn't difficult whatsoever. As you're most likely already aware, it's very rare to get a wholly open-ended expository essay assignment. An expository essay's objective is to define and explain a subject chosen by means of an author. A good thesis statement contributes to a good essay. A thesis can help to bring the remainder of your essay together. What You Should Do About Short Expository Essay Samples Starting in the Next Nine Minutes When you compose a brief essay, you have to keep in mind that there are not any elements to be sacrificed. While writing an expository essay, specificity regarding the topic is vital. Now as you understand what an expository writing is, I want to suggest you several topics that could inspire composing a wonderful expository essay. An expository essay, thus, is a part of prose that is well organized to provide an explanation on ideas and assorted topics to a particular kind of audiences. The thesis of the expository essay needs to be based on factual information which will be displayed in the body of the essay. Composition of the essay is very important to compose an effective essay. It is most expedient to get started writing essays once you have read a sample of the very same sort of essay. As stated by the context, the period of your essay might vary. Also, consider In actuality, there are lots more issues to compose a great expository essay about. Do not think it will be that easy to write because you will need to do a lot of research and analyzes. What Does Short Expository Essay Samples Mean? As an example, finding essays from a difficult copy of a textbook is difficult as you may have to peruse through several pages. Without an essay outline, it would be tough to recall the necessary sections, arguments, logical stream of essay, and general structure. An expository essay outline presupposes a crystal clear structure, which isn't really hard to embody. A thesis isn't a mere fact or statement.

The Teaching Philosophy of Exceptional Children Essay

The teaching philosophy of exceptional children: My teaching career has been spent learning how to provide appropriate support, guidance, patience, understanding, as well as to enhance academic growth success, for all students. My purpose as a teacher is to enrich and inspire the lives of young students with moderate/intensive needs by providing access to information instead of functioning as the primary source of information for students to flourish. My teaching methods will be to create an environment ripe with opportunities for discovery and exploration which will allow the student to learn at his/her own pace, generate questions and construct knowledge, while providing hands-on practice of skills in authentic situations as well†¦show more content†¦As a teacher, I would enhance the learning of critical thinking, problem solving, and performance skills of individuals with exceptional learning needs, and increase their self-awareness, self-management, self-control, sel f-reliance, and self-esteem. Moreover, special educators emphasize the development, maintenance, and generalization of knowledge and skills across environments, settings, and the lifespan. Special educators possess a repertoire of evidence-based instructional strategies to individualize instruction for individuals with exceptional learning needs. Special educators select, adapt, and use these instructional strategies to promote positive learning results in general and special curricula2 and to appropriately modify learning environments for individuals with exceptional learning needs. They enhance the learning of critical thinking, problem solving, and performance skills of individuals with exceptional learning needs, and increase their self-awareness, self-management, self-control, self-reliance, and self-esteem. Moreover, special educators emphasize the development, maintenance, and generalization of knowledge and skills across environments, settings, and the lifespan. Explanation of the teaching strategies to provide equitable learning opportunities for students with diverse learning needs and for students from diverse cultural andShow MoreRelatedThe Teaching Philosophy of Exceptional Children1379 Words   |  6 PagesThe teaching philosophy of exceptional children: My teaching career has been spent learning how to provide appropriate support, guidance, patience, understanding, as well as to enhance academic growth success, for all students. My purpose as a teacher is to enrich and inspire the lives of young students with moderate/intensive needs by providing access to information instead of functioning as the primary source of information for students to flourish. My teaching methods will be to createRead More My Philosophy of Teaching Essay1400 Words   |  6 PagesPhilosophy of Education Education is something that every person should be given the chance to attain. It is vital for all people young, old, mentally impaired, ADHD, or whatever characteristic they may encompass. I believe everyone has the right to learn and be taught in an school environment. The law passed in 1975, P.L. 94-142, made numerous changes in the way certain children with special needs was being treated in the public school system. With the update in 1991, IDEA (IndividualsRead More My Philosophy of Education: Combining Progressivism, Essentialism and Behaviorism826 Words   |  4 PagesMy Philosophy of Education: Combining Progressivism, Essentialism and Behaviorism Upon being faced with the task of writing my philosophy of teaching, I made many attempts to narrow the basis for my philosophy down to one or two simple ideas. However, I quickly came to the realization that my personal teaching philosophy stems from many other ideas, philosophies, and personal experiences. I then concentrated my efforts on finding the strongest points of my personal beliefs aboutRead MoreMy Pastime As A Child1375 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction My pastime as a child was daydreaming of the countless careers I could achieve. The imaginary future, I formulated for myself, included becoming an actress, lawyer, or a housewife with lots of children. I never became any of those things except for the part of motherhood, which is the greatest lifetime achievement of all. The profession I did choose was a modest one. I became a travel agent who for over twenty years assisted a countless number of people in making unforgettable memoriesRead MoreReflection on my Education Philosophy1099 Words   |  4 Pages Since taking my first few educational courses in education, I have realized that my philosophy on education changes as I learning more about the profession I have entered. Every time I think I have come to a final belief statement, I learn something new about teaching and sometimes the things I learn causes me to alter my philosophy. Therefore, I will share with you what I believe about teaching and what I’ve learned at this point. As a future teacher in today’s society and generation, I believeRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education878 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Philosophy of Education After taking the Educational Philosophies Self-Assessment test, I was able to figure out my referencing scores for my ideal logical instructional principles believed rational of the classification of educational archetypes. The areas of greatest influence in my philosophy of education included Humanism with a total of 21 points, Perennialism and Existentialism with 18 total points in those areas. Essentialism was second with 16 points and Reconstructionism recordRead MoreEssay on My Philosophy of Education1242 Words   |  5 PagesMy Philosophy of Education Do you know your ABC’s, 123s, or how to read? If so, give thanks to the teachers you have had and Horace Mann for establishing what we now know as elementary schools, where the preceding is learned. Without my teachers, this paper would not be possible and it is a known fact that good teachers are few and far between. I hope to be an exceptional teacher that will not only influence the lives of my students but also be one that is willing to learn from my studentsRead MoreProfessional : Self Assessment And Professional Standards1111 Words   |  5 Pagesskills—with good teaching—elucidating the discernment one employs to achieve worthwhile ends† (Bercaw, Schussler, Stooksberry, 2010). The Council for Exceptional Children developed and implemented the Initial and Advanced Preparation Standards. These preparation standards consisted of seven standards and twenty-eight elements â€Å"that bring its structure into alignment with all professional association partners in the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education† (Council for Exceptional ChildrenRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Children s Learning1164 Words   |  5 PagesMy philosophy of children’s learning relies heavily within the aspects of the cognitive developmental philosophy, Piaget’s framework, which is grounded within all realms of development in early childhood. The cognitive based philosophy highlights a program that encourages students to build knowledge in an atmosphere molded around active exploration. This approach captures learning with enriching materials, filled with opportunities to engage with other classmates through socialization, play, andRead More Behaviorism and the Never-Ending Need for Discipline Essays1219 Words   |  5 Pagestrends and philosophies when dealing with education. Behaviorism, the philosophy of education in which I regard, will be incorporated into my classroom in some form or fashion. Education today has taken a turn for the worse when analyzing behavior. I know, from personal experience, that the behavior of children has curdled. I feel that if I can help students become more intelligent and courteous citizens, then I have completed my job successfully. Although there are many philosophies of education

Psi Case - 1008 Words

The difference in the disparity in Raja’s and Maya’s performance seems to be based on the patriarchal society in Bangladesh. Studies have shown that men do most of the household purchases, and women are influenced by the men as far as what to purchase. This might be a reflection of the difference in literacy rates between men and women, which is 27% and 12%, respectively. Women don’t have purchasing power. Raja, which means king, speaks to the masculinity of the men making them feel more powerful. Since Raja is a male condom, it is targeted toward the men in the villages. Maya, which means beauty, is a birth control pill that has been marketed toward women, but as stated before, women do not hold the purchasing power. Women both listen to†¦show more content†¦They have to fight the culture and attitudes, the buying/selling process, and the medical care system. In a survey, it showed that there was an overall ignorance of birth control methods thus why th ere were so many large families in Bangladesh. The distribution for birth control was mainly done through the local markets of the small villages in Bangladesh. Pharmacies, general stores and pan stores were the main places where the products were sold and small-scale entrepreneurs owned all these retail locations. Therefore, the competitors in the market weren’t dealing with large-scale companies, which means it was a lot harder to establish a strong relationship with its distributors and control the in-store marketing for their products. Another barrier for the competitors was the lack of formal medical education of the doctors. Many of them were not familiar with Western medicine (including oral contraceptives) so they were not helping to encourage women to take birth control pills in general. As far as a new marketing plan, I would first change the name of the product because the negative image associated with it resonated too much with the doctors, RMPs and the female patients. It has been confused with the government pill because of the side effects that it has caused in some women. These women assume that they are taking Maya instead of what they’re actually taking, which is the government pill. The name should be something that still sounds feminine butShow MoreRelatedThe PSI Case: Marketing of Raja and Maya1168 Words   |  5 Pagesretailers than PSI gave it to retailers as for sales of Maya. - Image of Maya was negative among doctors and RMPs who were at a position that could recommend contraceptive pills to consumers. In this context, Raja could be more freely sold to consumers without intervention of doctors and RMPs. - Furthermore, Raja had a positive connotations and wide recognition with its brand name. Q2) How do you characterize the competitive environment in Bangladesh? That is, when you look at PSI vs. the otherRead MoreCase of Psi Social Marketing Project in Bangladesh Essay709 Words   |  3 Pages   Case Summary of PSI: Social  Marketing Project in Bangladesh 1) Who is right: Ciszewski or Schellstede? Why? I think both of them are right and have good strategy in trying to improve sales of Maya. Ciszewski isright in the idea of rebranding  Maya to improve the poor image  as it stands right now, i.e. change nameand increase the price to raise the image of the brand. We have a room for price increasing as it isshown that other OC brands with price 5-10 times higher can have better sales thanRead MoreEssay on The Woodbridge Chapter Kappa Alpha Psi610 Words   |  3 PagesThe Woodbridge Chapter Kappa Alpha Psi is a fraternity organization that supports various youth groups with the emphasis on teaching, developing and reinforcing mannerism of young adulthood. To relate to today’s society; comprehensive information is registered through the chapter’s website that best explain the functions of the organization. The Woodbridge Chapter Kappa Alpha Psi’s website offers convenient access for knowledge and community service opportunities of the organization. The shortR ead MoreThe Privilege Against Self Incrimination1591 Words   |  7 PagesThe privilege against self-incrimination (â€Å"PSI†) s a very vague and wide legal concept under the common law initially. The common law rule was initially described as a rule that bounds no one to answer any question if it might expose him to any criminal charge or penalty in England and Wales. The history of the privilege against self-incrimination is one filled with contention and complication. Mclnerney divided PSI into three distinct sub-rights that are rather concise and well explained. FirstRead MoreA Brief Note On Psychic And Paranormal Phenomena1275 Words   |  6 Pagesparanormal phenomena, more commonly known as psi phenomena. These phenomena include psychokinesis, precognition, and extrasensory perception. Psychokinesis is defined as the power to move objects through psychic means. Precognition is the ability to foresee and predict the future. Extrasensory perception is the ability to sense things through the power of the mind, rather than through the five traditional physical senses. Some people believe in the reality of psi phenomena because parapsychologists areRead MoreIntervention With Informal Caregivers Of Hospice Patients1031 Words   |  5 Pagesparticipants who were given the PSI seemed to improve in both QOL and anxiety, the sample size was too small to make the findings statistically significant. Whereas the EBT study had 160 participants, making their findings more statistically significant than the PSI study. Furthermore, the EBT study showed not only immediate improvements of QOL and psychological distress but also proved long-term effects. The lack of measurement of long term effects is a limitation of the PSI study. Demiris et al. couldRead MorePre Sentence Investigation ( Psi )832 Words   |  4 PagesPre-Sentence Investigation (PSI) are done in criminal cases and used to assist the Court in getting a clear picture of the defendant as possible so there can be a fair sentencing hearing. As the probation officer assigned to the offender s case the PSI will be used to make an initial assessment of needs and risks. Pursuant to Rule 32 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure the PSI Report should contain the following: (A) identify all applicable guidelines and policy statements of the SentencingRead MoreCase Analysis : Deflategate Scandal1458 Words   |  6 PagesKevin Lane The â€Å"Deflategate† scandal is a case that involves the four time superbowl championship team, the New England Patriots, and their potential hall of fame quarterback, Tom Brady. Tom Brady and the New England Patriots were accused of allegedly tampering with the game footballs used in the AFC Championship Game against the Indianapolis Colts in the 2015 season. In this game, the Patriots defeated the Colts 45-7 and went on to to defeat the Seattle Seahawks 28-24 in the 2015 Superbowl. ManyRead MoreCase Analysis - Veterans Health Administration: Nsqip Program808 Words   |  4 PagesCase Analysis Veterans Health Administration: NSQIP Program Lora K. Jackson Keller Graduate School of Management IS66 July 16, 2011 Case Analysis - Veterans Health Administration: NSQIP Program Purpose of Study â€Å"The Veterans Health Administration: NSQIP Program† (Ball, Weaver, Kiel; 2004) was a physician-driven comparison study initiated by senior surgeons between 1991 and 1997, in which mortality and morbidity rates were â€Å"risk adjusted and compared to observed-to-expected ratios†Read MoreHome Worksss1065 Words   |  5 Pageselastic linear region of the 20ï‚ °C curve, which is The value range cited in Table 7.1 is 2.24 to 3.24 GPa (325,000 to 470,000 psi). Thus, the plotted value is a little on the high side. The tensile strength corresponds to the stress at which the curve ends, which is 52 MPa (7500 psi). This value lies within the range cited in Table 7.2—48.3 to 72.4 MPa (7000 to 10,500 psi). 7.66 On the basis of the curves in Figure 7.26, sketch schematic strain–time plots for the following polystyrene materials

Patient and Family Involvement Care †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Patient and Family Involvement Care. Answer: Introduction The current assignment focuses upon adult nursing care practices and the implication of the same in designing an effective care plan for the patient. The nursing care approaches and interventions could be supported with the help of a number of evidence based programs. The two such nursing interventions which have been adopted over here are the Millers functional consequences theory and the Levitt Jones clinical reasoning cycle. The evidence based model help in the development of priority base nursing care. Additionally, the development of a priority based nursing plan helps in the development of a person centred approach. The person centred approach helps in adjusting to the individual care needs of the patient. For the current assignment, the case study of Amalie Jones has been taken into consideration. She is an 89 years old woman and is suffering from a number of co-morbid conditions such as hypothyroidism, macular degeneration and rheumatoid arthritis and requires effective nursing care. Amalie Jones lives alone in a one storeyed apartment after the death of her husband. Recently, the development of poor vision along with growing pain owing to rheumatoid arthritis has made independent dwelling difficult for here placing more importance on nursing care. On effective examination of the patient, it was found that the patient had past history of hypothyroidism, rheumatoid arthritis and macular degeneration. Amalie had always enjoyed visiting her German association but poor eyesight made driving and visiting her friends difficult for her. A range of other complications were noted in the nurse such as joint stiffness, swollen feet and enlarged joints, limited or restricted movement , occasional dizziness and significant amount of weight loss. As commented by McSherry et al. (2017), the medications for hypothyroidism can further trigger the development of autoimmune disorder such as rheumatoid arthritis in the patient. The restricted movement capacity has also damaged the s elf confidence of the patient to a considerable level, where she felt the need to depend upon nursing professionals for getting sufficient help and support Based upon some of the cues represented by the patient effective nursing interventions could be designed. Amalie was suffering from rheumatoid arthritis which could have been triggered due to old age. As mentioned by Evan, Walker-Tweed, Paunovic, Olafson Easton (2016), the rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder and often results in destruction of the own body cells and tissues. The patient also reported to feeling dizzy and tired, which could be related to low levels of thyroxin produced in the body of the patient. As supported by Stayt, Seers Tutton (2015), subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with insulin resistance and is related to dylsipidemia in rheumatoid arthritis. The low levels of thyroxin have been associated with increased out flux of potassium triggering the situation of osteoporosis in the patient. Here, 665 mg of paracetamol was administered to the patient three times a day, which was supplemented by 400 mf of ibuprofen. The patient was further out on hig h doses of hydrochloroquine, which further reduced the pain owing to rheumatoid arthritis in the patient. Processing information Painful joints particularly in the knee, hip, finger and back- the painful joints around the knee, hip and fingers could be related to the development of rheumatoid arthritis in the patient. As mentioned by Adam (2017), the rheumatoid arthritis causes inflammation of the joints causing them to become swollen and stiff, which restricts the movement around them. Vision deficit- the visions deficit could be attributed to the development of dry macular degeneration in the patient. Under this, small or yellowish deposits called drusen form over the retina causing the vision to deteriorate over time. Occasional dizziness- the occasional dizziness experienced by the patient could be attributed to low levels of thyroxin present in the body of the patient which results in the development of fatigue (Shih,., Buurman, Tynan?McKiernan, Tinetti Jenq, 2015). Non-significant weight loss- the weight loss could be attributed to the development of hypothyroidism in the patient. Additionally, the patient that is Amalie, had been living alone and had no to take care of her diet all by herself which often resulted in careless and missed diets . As commented by DeVon, Rice, Pickler, Krause-Parello Richmond (2016), low thyroxin levels has been seen to affect the metabolism in the patient which also affects the food intake capacity of the patient. Developing nursing intervention based upon identifies issue A number of clinical nursing priorities and interventions can be developed for the patient over here. Amalie suffered from a number of co-morbid health conditions such as macular degeneration, rheumatoid arthritis and hypothyroidism. Since the patient was suffering from a progressive macular degeneration along with rheumatoid arthritis she was at increased risk of falling. Therefore, based upon the assumption fall risk management could be suggested as one of the important nursing interventions. The excessive pain and stiffness around the joints had resulted in restricted movements for the patient. Hence, Amalie had to cut down from some of her daily activities of living such as driving to her German community to meet her friends. She could also manage very little of her daily activities such as cooking and managing the household by herself. Additionally, the excess pain made the patient feel helpless. Therefore, effective pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain management strate gies could be designed for the patient. The health condition of the patient caused her to be socially isolated from her community which could lead to the development of depression within the patient. Hence, effective counselling support programs could be designed for the patient. The nursing professional needs to plan the care strategy of the patient based upon the Millers functional consequences theory. The millers functional consequences theory lays importance upon the old age of the patient and the related conditions which are taken into consideration for designing of the nursing care plan (Morgen, Denison-Vesel, Kobylarz Voelkner, 2015). The goal of the Millers functional consequences theory is to foster the feeling of dignity and value in the patient (Hunter, 2012). The millers pyramid encompasses the functional areas from knows to does and further help in enhancing the skills, knowledge and attitude of the nursing professional (Mpouzika et al., 2017). It focuses upon applying the concepts of wellness in geriatric nursing where individual strengths are built to optimize the overall well being of an individual amidst day-to day life situations. Based upon the clinical condition of the patient a number of nursing care goals and priorities could be designed for the patient. The goals had been further represented in the form of specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and time bound framework. Both macular degeneration and rheumatoid arthritis are progressive degenerative condition (Olding et al., 2016). Therefore, effective nursing care goals are required to be set for the patient. The patient to be educated and helped with self management of medication. Since, the patient had vision impairment therefore colour codes could be attached with the medicines to help the patient remember the particular medicines and doses to be taken. The pain could be monitored in the patient on a scale of 1-5 with the help of Braden scale. The patient needs to be educated on using aids which could help the patient move around freely by her own self as well as manage her activities of daily living (ADL) (Boev, Xue Ingersoll, 2015). Reduction in pain as well as more autonomy noticed in the patient after the care treatment The recovery in the overall health of the patient to be achieved within a time period of three months. Action plan An effective nursing care plan was designed for the patient based upon the present health condition of the patient. The patient complained of stiffness and pain around the joint areas, which restricted here ADLs making her more dependent upon the nursing professional. Therefore, effective pain management intervention could be employed for the patient with the help of both pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. As mentioned by Devon et al. (2016), the non-pharmacological methods focused more upon the inculcation of light weight training and stretching exercises for the patient. Reports and evidences have suggested that patients with sufficient amount of physical activities complained of less RA pain comparison to patients without much physical movement. Moreover, providing Amalie with sufficient psychical activities could help her regain more control over here body, which reduced the chances of fall in the patient. Amalie had complained of poor vision, she also failed to take her medicine doses properly. Therefore, setting up an alarm for the patient which will remind her regarding the medicines to be taken every few hours could be beneficial. The patient reported feeling helpless and expressed possessing little control over here day-to day activities. Therefore, making the patient a part of the community networks where community based healing programs will be provided would be beneficial (Tisminetzky et al., 2017). Evaluation of the patient outcomes The above nursing plan was conducted for a time period of three months after which the patient was monitored for the improvement in health condition. At the end of three months Amalie expressed more autonomy over her daily care activities and reported better control over her pain. She felt much positive about getting better and resuming her daily life activities. Conclusion The current assignment focuses on the aspect of designing nursing care priorities for an older adult. Here, the patient had a number of co-morbid health conditions such as hypothyroidism, macular degeneration and rheumatoid arthritis. The deterioration in the present health condition of the patient offered her with little or no options but to be reliable over a nursing professional to help her with some of her daily care activities. However, the assignment focuses upon the implementation of a clinical reasoning cycle which had been used for designing an effective clinical care plan for the patient. With the help of such evidence based approaches, a person centred approach is established for the care of the patient. References Adam, S. (2017).Critical care nursing: science and practice. London: Oxford University Press, 125-135. Boev, C., Xue, Y., Ingersoll, G. L. (2015). Nursing job satisfaction, certification and healthcare-associated infections in critical care.Intensive and Critical Care Nursing,31(5), 276-284. DeVon, H. A., Rice, M., Pickler, R. H., Krause-Parello, C. A., Richmond, T. S. (2016). Setting nursing science priorities to meet contemporary health care needs.Nursing outlook,64(4), 399-401. Evan, B., Walker-Tweed, J., Paunovic, B., Olafson, K., Easton, D. (2016). Family Presence in the Adult Intensive Care Unit During Daily Rounds Discussions: Riding the Waves of Change!.Canadian Journal of Critical Care Nursing,27(2). Hunter, S. (Ed). (2012). Millers nursing for wellness in older adults. Sydney: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 65-77. Levett-Jones, T. (Ed.). (2013). Clinical reasoning: Learning to think like a nurse. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson, 125-133. McSherry, W., Bloomfield, S., Thompson, R., Nixon, V. A., Birch, C., Griffiths, N., ... Boughey, A. J. (2017). A cross-sectional analysis of the factors that shape adult nursing students' values, attitudes and perceptions of compassionate care.Journal of Research in Nursing,22(1-2), 25-39. Morgen, K., Denison-Vesel, K., Kobylarz, A., Voelkner, A. (2015). Prevalence of substance use disorder treatment facilities specializing in older adult and trauma care: N-SSATS data 2009 to 2011.Traumatology,21(3), 153. Mpouzika, M. D., Haikali, S., Giannakopoulou, M., Karanikola, M. N., Lemonidou, C., Patiraki, E., Papathanassoglou, E. D. (2017). A descriptive correlational study of nurse-physician collaboration in adult critical care in Greece.CONNECT: The World of Critical Care Nursing,11(3), 55-67. Olding, M., McMillan, S. E., Reeves, S., Schmitt, M. H., Puntillo, K., Kitto, S. (2016). Patient and family involvement in adult critical and intensive care settings: a scoping review.Health Expectations,19(6), 1183-1202. Shih, A. F., Buurman, B. M., Tynan?McKiernan, K., Tinetti, M. E., Jenq, G. (2015). Views of primary care physicians and home care nurses on the causes of readmission of older adults.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,63(10), 2193-2196. Stayt, L. C., Seers, K., Tutton, E. (2015). Patients' experiences of technology and care in adult intensive care.Journal of advanced nursing,71(9), 2051-2061. Tisminetzky, M., Bayliss, E. A., Magaziner, J. S., Allore, H. G., Anzuoni, K., Boyd, C. M., ... Hornbrook, M. C. (2017). Research priorities to advance the health and health care of older adults with multiple chronic conditions.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,65(7), 1549-1553. Urden, L. D., Stacy, K. M., Lough, M. E. (2015).Priorities in critical care nursing. London: Elsevier Health Sciences, 212-265.

The Effect of Corporate Governance Mechanism on the Quality of Earnings Among Nigeria Money Banks in Nigeria free essay sample

This paper examines whether corporate governance mechanism variable – Board Size, Board Composition, Ownership Concentration, Institutional Shareholders, Dividend Payment, Firm Size have significant impact on the quality of earnings of Nigerian deposit money banks as measured by modified (McNicols and Wilson, 1998), (Gred and Clarke, 2004) and (Chang, 2008) model of specific industry discretionary accruals as against (Dichow and Dichev, 2002), though widely accepted but is hardly industry specific. Secondary data are extracted from the annual reports of 15 banks that form the sample of the study within the period between 2006-2011. Multiple regression was used as a tool for analysis. The result reveals that corporate governance mechanisms affects earnings quality of Nigerian money deposits banks. All the corporate governance examined are positive except for the control variable firm size signifying that none of the explanatory variables is inversely related to quality of earnings amongst Nigerian money deposits banks. It is therefore recommended that amongst others that shareholders of Nigerian DMBs to ensure the inclusion of about 50% outside directors in the board and ensuring a good quantum of both institutional and block holders in the equity holdings of the banks. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Corporate Governance Mechanism on the Quality of Earnings Among Nigeria Money Banks in Nigeria or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Keywords: Earnings, Discretionary, accruals, manipulation, monitoring, quality. Introduction The rising number of corporate failures, scandals and crises such as Enron, WorldCom, Global Crossing, HIH Insurance, Ansett, Pan Pharmaceuticals, Lever Brothers, Cadbury, and Afri bank has precipitated the growing interest on the governance structures of firms by academics, practitioners, the investment community, regulatory agencies, policy makers, national and multilateral government bodies and host of other stakeholders (Tsegba, 2011). Corporate governance is about building credibility, ensuring transparency and accountability as well as maintaining an effective channel of information disclosure that would foster good corporate performance (Matama, 2008). Income smoothing and earnings quality popularly called earnings management can be regarded as two of the attractive and challenging issues in studies related to accounting because investors pay attention to amount of income as an important factor in decision making. It has long been recognized that financial statements play an important role in assessing managers’ performance by the board of directors outside investors and external regulators. It is therefore, not unlikely that managers will manipulate financial reports in order to produce a good image of themselves and the firms that they manage (Shehu and Abubakar, 2012). There are a lot of qualitative empirical studies exist on the relationship between corporate governance mechanisms and earnings quality. However, quantitative studies supporting the existence of a link between corporate governance mechanisms and earnings quality are relatively scanty and inconclusive. Besides the scanty nature of quantitative literature, most of the existing ones are more concerned about the overall quality of corporate governance mechanisms rather than particular features or practices of such governance. In addition, most of the studies are cross-sectional in nature. There is none of these studies that examine either the overall or particular features of corporate governance mechanisms and earnings quality of the banking industry in isolation. The peculiar and sensitive nature of the banking industry as well as the reforms it has continued to undergo indicates the need for special attention. This study attempts to address that omission by examining the effect of corporate governance mechanisms on the earnings quality of Nigerian money deposit banks. The relationship between corporate governance mechanisms and earnings quality is important to the extent that good corporate governance builds confidence in the minds of existing and potential investors as well as other stakeholders of a bank. This in turn creates confidence in the banking industry. The implications of these on the economy as a whole are also obvious. Economic growth will be more sustainable, capital market will be boosted and become more developed and an egalitarian and corrupt-free society will be built. All these are essential for sustained economic growth and development. This study also contributes to the growing body of quantitative research on corporate governance and earnings management. The spate of well publicized corporate failures around the world call for high-quality financial reporting, which gives a proper record of stewardship, provides details of real costs of services and in which the informed individual can have confidence. Moreover, the recent number game amongst banks in Nigeria raises additional concern on the need for financial reports that meet today’s requirements (Bello, 2005). Earnings management involves the manipulation of earnings by companies using financial statement elements that are largely at the discretion of the managers to achieve divergent personal goals. These elements are peculiar to industries depending on their nature of operations and external regulatory framework. Researchers such as (Dockery and Herbert, 2000); (La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, (Yakasai, 2001); (Detomasi, 2002); (Fort and Schipani, 2003); (Bai, Liu, Lu, Song and Zhang, 2005); (Barako and Tower, 2006); (Achua, 2007); (Okike, 2007) and (Shehu and Abubakar, 2012) have identified that accruals arising from depreciation are used to manipulate earnings in manufacturing companies, claim loss reserve in insurance and loan loss provision in banking. Loan losses has been identified as one of the most important factors that lead to bank failures and its provision has a direct impact on reported earnings (Grey and Clarke, 2004). The issue of earnings quality arises because financial reports may incorporate adverse information about future cash flows in a more or less timely fashion (Francis et al, 2003). According to (Ball and Shivakumar, 2002), earnings quality is about timely loss recognition that requires estimates of future cash flows from assets or outflows for liabilities. In (Basu’s, 1997) view, accountants have tendency to require a higher degree of verification to recognize good news as gains than to recognize bad news as losses. He consequently relates earnings quality to the accounting concept of conservatism, which supposes that earnings reflect ‘bad news’ more quickly than ‘good news’. In theory, one measure of earnings quality is the relation between current accruals and cash flow (Jindrichovska and Kuo, 2000). Thus, prior researches document an association between earnings pattern and earnings quality (Hunt et al, 2000; Francis et al, 2003). Relating this measure to banking, earnings quality becomes a function of DLLP and earnings pattern. Accordingly, banks with abnormal DLLP are considered as having low quality earnings while banks with normal DLLP are deemed to have high earnings quality. Incidentally, there also, exists an inverse relation between smooth and increasing earning pattern and earnings quality: the higher the smooth earning pattern the lower the earnings quality (Francis et al, 2003). Shehu and Abubakar, 2011) opined that loan loss provision is an expense on the income statement which signifies managers’ assessment of expected future losses. This means that an increase in loan loss provision reduces net income, while a fall in loan losses increase net income. Since it is the result of managers’ assessment of the likely loss that the company would incure should the borrower fail to repay his obligations as at when due, the provision for it is considered to have two (2) p ortions: non-discretionary and discretionary portions. Non-discretionary is a function of specific quality determinants in the loan portfolio- non-accrual loans, renegotiated loans, loans past due over 90 days, specific analyses on troubled large credits, usually implying internal grading system. This means that the non-discretionary portion is the provision that is based on fair and objective analyses of the firm’s economic conditions. While the discretionary portion are those accruals that largely depend on the outcome of the managers’ future expectations of uncertain events. The components of it are both quantitative and qualitative. Grey and Clarke (2004) pointed that the qualitative components include political, economic, geographical and political factors, while the quantitative are statistical analyses of loans not individually analyzed for special reserve and therefore are largely at the discretion of managers. The reasons why banks manipulate earnings are supported by three arguments of signaling argument, income smoothing or earnings quality argument and capital management argument (Zhou and Chen, 2004). The signaling argument suggests that banks use discretionary loan loss provision to insinuate that earnings will be high in subsequent periods (Wahlen, 1994: Liu and Ryan, 1995: Beaver and Engel, 1996). Contrary to the signaling argument, earnings quality argument holds that managers increase the provision for loan losses in periods when earnings are high, under the assumption of income smoothing (Beatty, Chamberlain amp; Moglio, 1995: Collins, Shacklford amp; Wahlen, 1995: Rivard, Bland amp; Morris, 2003). This implies that earnings quality in this area improves bank’s cash flows, capital adequacy, market value and overall performance. While the capital management argument suggests that since increase in loan loss provision increases regulatory capital, management exercises discretion over its provision (Ahmed, Takeda amp; Thomas 1999, Beatty et al. , 1995). Regardless of the industry and the strings attached, managers’ discretionary behavior to achieve personal gains undermines the shareholders’ wealth maximization objective of the firm. Consequently, therefore, this paper examines the influence of corporate governance mechanisms on the quality of earnings among Nigerian Deposit Money Banks (DMBs). In order to achieve this, it is posited that corporate governance mechanisms- board size, board composition, ownership concentration; audit committee, institutional shareholding and dividend have no significant impact on quality of earnings among Nigerian DMBs. It is the constant fear in the banking industry in spite of introduction of new code of corporate governance to enhance the efficiency of the industry practices, and the recognition of the use of discretion by bank managers as well as earnings manipulation that make this work apt and imperative. This study contributes to the sparse of literature that studied the relationship between corporate governance and earnings quality. It also extended to the financial firms by raising and discussing issues on corporate governance mechanism and earnings quality of banks using discretionary loans loss provision in the circumstance of emerging economies like Nigeria. The paper is structured as follows. Section two reviews related literature on corporate governance mechanisms and earnings quality and theoretical framework. Section three is methodology and model specification. In section four, the results and findings of the study are presented and discussed. Finally, section five deals with conclusion and recommendations. 2. 1 Literature Review and Theoretical Framework Literature on corporate governance and quality of earnings is reviewed. Specifically the study concentrates on governance mechanisms of dividend, audit committee, board size, board composition, ownership concentration and institutional shareholding. The theoretical framework that underpins the study is then presented and supported. Earnings quality as the altering of financial statements through the use of judgment in structuring transactions to either mislead the firm’s stakeholders about the true economic picture of the firm or to achieve some contractual benefit that is based on accounting numbers (Healy and Wahlen, 1999). (Schipper, 1989), opined that earnings quality is the deliberate intervention in financial reporting process to achieve personal goals. Earnings quality is the manipulation of financial statement by managers, using accounting choices, estimates and methods, to achieve some objectives that are largely in conflict with the underlying economic status of the firm. Different incentives to manage earnings are widely discussed in the literature, (Bhat, 1996), linked it to the attempt to enhance shareholders’ value and to maximize executive compensation through income smoothing and earnings quality respectively. Income smoothing, occasional big bath, living for today and maximization of variability are identified by (Koch amp; Wall, 2000). (Chang et al. 008) note three incentives to manage earnings: capital market motivation, which includes initial public offerings, seasoned equity offerings, management buoyant plans and plans for mergers to meet earnings forecast, to smooth earnings, management compensation motivation, debt agreement or job security and laws and regulations such as import regulation, antitrust laws, also can serve as incentives. Managers use discretionary accruals for opportunistic earnings quality (Cornet et al. 2009) by attaining some level of performance and affecting stock prices to enhance managers’ wealth through restricted stock returns. . 1. 1 Board Size and Earning Management There are a lot of empirical researches that have documented that board size is related to earning management. The evidence on the role of board size is inconclusive. Yermack (1996) and Eisenberg, Sundgren, and Wells (1998) demonstrate that smaller boards are associated with manipulative accounting. In the analysis of 131 different study-samples with a combined sample size of 20,620 observations (Dalton, Daily, Johnson and Ellstrand (1999) documented a positive and significant relation between board size and income smoothing. These conflicting results provide no conclusive relationship between earnings management and board size. A smaller board may be less encumbered with bureaucratic problems and may be more functional. Smaller boards may provide better financial reporting oversight. Alternately, a larger board may be able to draw from a broader range of experience. In the case of earnings management, a larger board may be more likely to have independent directors with corporate in financial experience. If so, a larger board might be better at preventing earnings management. Small boards are less effective monitors and are easier for CEOs to influence (Jensen, 1993) and (Lipton and Lorsch, 1992). 2. 1. 2 Board Composition and Earnings Quality Board independence simply refers to non-executive external directors, who do not represent any particular shareholder interest and hold no special business interest with the bank, relative to total number of directors on the board (Shehu and Abubakar, 2011). Studies on impact of board composition on earnings quality have produce varied results. Cornet et al. 2007), examine the impact of corporate governance and pay-for-performance on earnings quality. By means of 100 largest firms in the U. S. as ranked by Samp;P between 1994-2003, they find that the presence of independent outside directors reduce earnings quality. Aggregate accruals were used to proxy for earnings quality. (Cornet et al. , 2009), investigate how corporate governance mechanism affects earnings quality at large publicly traded U. S. companies for th e period between 1994 2002. Large independent boards constraint earning quality was found by the study. Roodposhti and Chashmi, 2010) find that for the period between 2004-2008 in Iran, using 196 firms listed on Tehran Stock Exchange, revealed a negative association between board independence and earnings quality. On the contrary, (Hashim and Devi, 2008) examine the relationship between board independence, CEO duality and accrual management in Malaysia. Using 200 top non-financial companies listed on Malaysian Stock Exchange, they find that large percentage of independent executive directors is associated with higher income-increasing earnings quality. Also, (Shah, Zafar and Durrani, 2009), study the relationship between board composition and earnings quality in Pakistani listed companies for the period between 2003 and 2007. They find no significant relationship between board composition and earnings quality. Yet, all studies exclude financial firms, the inclusion of which might have yielded different result. (Macey and O’Hara, 2003) opined that governance structure is industry specific and there is a systematic difference between the governance of different industries 2. 1. 3 Ownership Concentration and Earnings Quality Ownership concentration, which is also referred to as blockholders. It is the proportion of shares (usually more than 5%) owned by a certain percentage of shareholders. There are arguments that the higher the number of shares owned by the blockholders, the more the pressure on managers to act in conformity with shareholders interest (Sanda et al. , 2005). (Ramsy and Blair, 1993) opined that large ownership concentration has more incentives to manage earnings because the expected benefit from equity holding in the firm outweighs the cost associated with monitoring managers If this is true, then we expect ownership concentration to be inversely related to earnings quality. Some researchers observe that high ownership concentration beyond a certain level may lead to abuse of power, which could be detrimental to the value maximization goal of the firm (Sanda et al. , 2005). Inconsistent results were yielded on the relationship between ownership concentration and earnings quality. (Roodposhti and Chashmi, 2010) find a negative relationship between ownership concentration and earnings quality, while they used 196 firms listed on Tehran Stock Exchange as their sample for the period between 2004-2008, to examine the effect of board composition and ownership concentration on earnings quality. In the same vain, (Klai and Omri, 2011), investigate the impact of corporate governance on financial reporting quality in Tunisia. The study used 22 listed firms for the period between 1997-2007. They find that ownership concentration is negatively associated with earnings quality. Conversely, Using top 200 listed non-financial companies, (Hashim and Devi, 2008), examine the association between board independence, CEO duality and accruals management. They find that ownership concentration is associated with high income-increasing earnings quality. Besides the exclusion of financial firms from all the studies mentioned above, economic differences of nations calls for an investigation in of similar problems in an economy like ours. 2. 1. 4 Institutional Shareholding and Earnings Quality Institutional shareholders have both the incentive and power to compel managers to act in consonant with value maximization objective of the firm. (Shehu, 2011) note that institutional ownership has emerged particularly in the banking sector as a tool for protecting minority interest. We, therefore, expect that institutional shareholding and earnings quality will be inversely related. (Cornet et al. , 2007), investigate how governance structure and incentive based compensation influence firm performance when measured performance is adjusted for earnings quality. The study used top 100 firms rated by Samp;P in U. S. , they find that earnings quality is significantly reduced by institutional shareholders whether institutional shareholders is measured based on the proportion of shares owned by all institutional shareholders or by institutional involvement in the firm. This finding is an extension of (Klein, 2002). The study might have revealed different result if carried out in the Nigerian context. (Shehu, 2011) examine the interaction between corporate governance and financial reporting quality in deposit money banks. Using all 21 banks quoted on NSE for the period between 2007-2009, the study reveals a positive and significant relationship between institutional shareholding and earnings quality. The major drawback of this research is that it uses (Dichow and Dichev, 2002) model, which though is widely accepted but is hardly industry specific. The presence of institutional investors with substantial shareholdings restrain managers from engaging in income increasing discretionary accruals when companies have high free cash flow, however, when there is no free cash flow agency problems. 2. 1. 5 Dividend Payment and Earnings Quality While many studies ignore this variable as corporate governance mechanisms, this study consider dividend payment as a n important parameter that measures the overall efficiency of the board. A board that has high frequency of dividend declaration may force earnings managers to have less discretion in manipulating earnings. This is because higher earnings will attract high dividends leading to free cash flow. Larger free cash flow payout reduces managers’ ability to make bad investment (Jensen, 1986). Likewise, high payment obliges managers to raise additional capital via stock market there by being exposed to specialist, financial analyst, investment bankers, regulatory authorities and the press (Goergen, 2007). From these views, apart from the fact that high dividend is a signal to management effectiveness; it serves as a disciplinary mechanism in limiting management discretion over cash flow. In absence of priority we hypothesized that firms with high level of dividend history will have less level of unethical accounting practice that has to do with earnings misrepresentations (Bello, 2013). 2. 2 Theoretical Framework and Model Development In order to link corporate governance with earnings quality, the study first looks at the theories that induced earnings manipulations. Two prominent are opportunistic and desirous. The first theory which embedded the philosophy of this paper is opportunistic tendency of managers to engage in unethical in absence of good governance structure. Secondly, from corporate legal point of view board are to act as trustees of shareholders. Infact they are like operating shareholders directly overseeing the affairs of management. Agency theory, postulates an inevitable conflicts. Whereas, managers will be targeting better performance for short term gains, the interest of shareholders would be that of long term benefit of capital appreciation and return (dividend). Within the agency framework, it is both logical and inescapable that management behavior will be self serving (Amat, 1996). The end result will be that of managers manipulating earnings. These two theories; agency theory and opportunisms theory provide a complete framework for understanding corporate governance and earnings quality. 3. 1 Methodology The research design is inclined to use ex-post financial data because of its empiricism as well as practicality. The period of the study is six (6) years (2006 to 2011) both years inclusive. The period is considered more appealing because all DMBs for which relevant financial data from 2006 to 2011 is obtained would have survived the distress syndrome of the early 1990s and 2005 consolidation saga in Nigeria. We believe also that the six-year period would provide an adequate time series of data (observations) to realistically identify Nigerian DMBs that have been managing earnings over a number of years. This is consistent with Michelson et al (2000) idea that adequate time series studies captures incidence of smoothing, whereas one period studies reflect attempts to smooth. The data is extracted from the consolidated annual reports of the sampled banks sourced in the Nigerian Stock Exchange fact book 2010/2011. The population of the study is all the 25 DMBs that survive consolidation exercise as at 31st December 2006. The ample is drawn using criteria of complete data availability in which 15 banks automatically formed the sample of the study. Two steps Panel regression is used as tool of analysis because it satisfies our purpose of predicting and explaining relations between variables and also providing residuals of the LLP model to represent the explained variable in the second regress ion model. A pre-requisite for the use of any variant of earnings quality detection models is computation of the smoothing instrument. Theoretically and in practice, the smoothing instrument relevant to earnings quality studies in the banking industry is the LLP. Previous studies have investigated earnings quality instruments such as dividend income, changes in accounting policies, pension costs, extraordinary items, investment tax credit, depreciation and fixed charges, and many others (Kamarudin et al, 2001). However, (Kanagaretnam et al, 2001), specifically conclude that banks use LLP and charge-offs to smooth income. 3. 1. 1 Estimation of Discretionary Loan Loss Provision and Variables Measurement Now, in order that we use LLP in detecting earnings quality, we need to estimate the LLP made by sample banks in the industry. Nonetheless, we begin by making distinction between regulatory LLP as per the requirements of the PGs and discretionary loan loss provisions (DLLP) that is used for earnings quality. The distinction is useful because, where banks provide only in compliance with the PGs (non-discretionary LLP), it would be wrong to conclude that it uses LLP for earnings quality. The DLLP therefore contains an element of provision in excess of PGs requirements. It follows that to conclude that banks smooth their reported earnings; there must be evidence of DLLP in the financial reports. Stated differently, the presence of DLLP is a prima facie pointer to the possibility of earnings quality behaviour among the banks. (McNichols and Wilson, 1998), (Grey and Clarke, 2004) and (Chang, 2008) adapted measuring earning management in banks with discretionary loan loss provision. Consistent with prior studies (e. g. , Kim and Kross, 1998; and Kanagaretnam et al, 2001), the beginning balance of nonperforming loans, change in non-performing loans and change in total loans to estimate the non-discretionary component of LLP is used. Because the beginning balance of nonperforming loans (NPL) is usually positively related to LLP, therefore, with a higher level of beginning nonperforming loans, banks will have to make a higher LLP. In addition, change in nonperforming loans (CHNPL) in the current period to have a positive effect on LLP is expected. The sign of the coefficient of change in the value of loan deflated by beginning loans (CHLOAN) is also positive. An increase in loan portfolio will most likely result in an increase in LLP. Equation (1) provides an estimate of the non-discretionary LLP: LLPit = 0 + 1NPLit + 2CHNPLit + 3CHLOANit + it[1] Where, LLPit = provision for loan losses deflated by beginning loans; NPLit-1 = beginning of period nonperforming loans deflated by beginning loans; CHNPLit = change in the value of nonperforming loans deflated by beginning loans; and CHLOANit = change in value of loans deflated by beginning loans. In equation (1) above, the independent variables account for the non-discretionary component of LLP, and consequently, the DLLP is given by the residual term. In order to explain the cross-sectional differences in the level of DLLP, it requires a two-stage analysis where the first stage explicitly models the non-discretionary portion of LLP using a model as per equation (1). In the second stage, the residual from the first stage regression, representing the discretionary portion, is subsequently used as the dependent variable. A drawback of this stepwise estimation procedure is that, it systematically underestimates the absolute value of the regression coefficients in the second stage (Kanagaretnam et al, 2001). Hence, to alleviate this potential problem, analysis using a single regression model is conducted including the three variables used in equation (1) to explicitly account for the non-discretionary component of the LLP. The empirical model is given thus: LLPit = 0 + 1EBTPit + 2L/DEPit + 3 WELLit + 4 LASSETit +5 CHNPLit + 6 NPLit-1 + 7 CHLOANit + it †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ [2] Where, EBTPit = earnings before tax and provisions deflated by beginning assets; LLPit = provision for loan losses deflated by beginning loans; L/DEPit = ratio of loans to deposits; WELLit = a dummy variable which equals 1 when industry capital ratio is well above the legal requirement (i. e. , when the total risk-based capital ratio exceeds 10% and the tier 1 risk-based capital ratio exceeds 8%), and equals 0 otherwise; LASSETit = the natural logarithm of total loan assets; CHNPLit = change in the value of nonperforming loans deflated by beginning loans; NPLit-1 = beginning of period nonperforming loans deflated by beginning loans; and CHLOANit= change in value of loans deflated by beginning loans. The first three variables (EBTP, L/DEP, and WELL) explain cross-sectional differences in DLLP; the third variable (LASSET) is a control variable and the last three variables (CHNPL, NPL, and CHLOAN) account for the non-discretionary component of LLP. The corporate governance variables of the study- board size, board composition, ownership concentration, dividend and institution shareholding are measured below: Board size (BS) is the total number of directors in the board Board composition (BC) is the ratio of independent or outside directors to total board size. Ownership concentration (OC) is the percentage of shares owned by blockholders (more than 5%). Institutional shareholding (IS) is the ratio of equity share owned by institutional investors to total number of shares issued. Dividend payment (DP) is the total amount of dividend paid. Firm size (FS) is the control variable which is the natural log (1n) of total assets. Such control is necessary because the bigger the bank, the larger the expected agency problem it will experience. Grey and Clark, 2004) note that large banks likely to avoid using discretionary loan loss provisions to manipulate earnings. A lot of researchers controlled for firm size in corporate governance studies including (Sanda et al. 2005), (Dabo and Adeyemi, 2007) and (Roodposhti and Chasmi, 2011). The regression model for testing the hypothesis of this study is presented below: LLPit = ? it + ? 1BSit + ? 2BCit + ? 3OCit + ? 4ISit + ? 5DPit + ? FSit + eit LLP= Loan Loss Provision BS=Board Size BC = Board Composition OC = Ownership Concentration IS = Institutional Shareholding DP = Dividend Payment FS = Firm Size 4. 1 Result and Discussion The analysis begins with a range of descriptive statistics on dependent variable and independent variables with mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum presented below: Table 1: Summary of Descriptive Statistics | BS| BC| OC| IS| DP| FS| Mean| 14. 5444| 0. 2644| 0. 3177| 0. 5608| 2. 6556| 11. 2100| Std. Dev. | 2. 65703| 0. 11349| 0. 10243| 0. 5267| 0. 33000| 0. 11000| Minimum| 9. 00| 0. 0| 0. 12| 0. 43| 10. 37| 68. 97| Maximum| 20. 00| 0. 50| 0. 60| 0. 68| 4. 15| 83. 20| Observation| 90| 90| 90| 90| 90| 90| Source: Output of data analysis using E-view The table 1 shows the average independent directors in the board composition of the Nigerian banks is 26%, board size accounted for about 14 directors, block holders and institutional shareholding averaging 56% and 32% respectively of the shares issued and N2. 66k is the average dividend paid by Nigerian banks. The control variable is a veraging 11. 1 billion naira worth of assets by the banks. The standard deviations of most of the variables are not far away from their respective means values. This indicates a favourable level of dispersion that the data is not skewed and good to produce a reliable result which is confirmed by the values of skewness and kurtosis though not reported but attached. The minimum and maximum number of both executives and non-executives directors are 9 and 20 and that of independent directors of the banks are 10% and 50% respectively. In addition, the block holders and institutional shareholders of Nigerian banks range from 12% to 60% and 43% to 68% respectively. The total assets of the banks range from 68. 97 to 83. 20 billion naira during the period of the study. Table 2: Correlation Matrix | FIQ| BS| BC| OC| IS| DP FS| FIQ| 1| | | | | | BS| 0. 25| 1| | | | | BC| 0. 21| -0. 025| 1| | | | OC| 0. 29| 0. 090| 0. 024| 1| | | IS| 0. 42| 0. 035| -0. 034| 0. 34| 1| | DPFS | 0. 170. 31| -0. 146 0. 70| -0. 015-0. 034| 0. 158-0. 071| 0. 4890. 415| 10. 74 1| Source: Output of data analysis using E-view The correlation results presented in table 2 shows that all the explanatory variables are positively and strongly associated with explained variable except institutional shareholders and dividend paid. Thus, there is a strong relationship between corporate governance mechanisms and loan loss provision of the Nigerian money deposit banks. On the other hand, most of the independent variables are negatively and not significantl y associated between them. This indicates an absence of multicolinearity between the explanatory variables of the study. The correlation matrix reveals the relationship between all pairs of explanatory variables involved in the regression model. High correlation among the independent variables point the possibility of multicollinearity (excessive correlation), a situation which distorts the standard errors of estimates and the validity of the result became questionable. The correlation coefficients showed that multicollinearity does not exist among the variables. Additionally, this study adopts further test for excessive correlation using the variance inflation factor (VIF) and tolerance values. The purpose of additional investigation is to provide adequate assurance that the research findings are robust to the model specification. Table 4:Multicollinearity Test Variable| VIF| Tolerance| BS| 1. 081| 0. 925| BC| 1. 003| 0. 997| OC| 1. 080| 0. 926| IS| 1. 407| 0. 711| DP| 1. 657| 0. 603| FS| 1. 440| 0. 694| | | | Source: Output of data analysis using E-view To formally substantiate the lack of multicollinearity between the independent variables, colinearity diagnostics are observed and that the variance inflation factors (VIF) and tolerance values indicate no multicollinearity in the data. The values for tolerance and VIF are shown in Table 4. The tolerance value and the variance inflation factor (VIF) are two advanced measures of assessing multicollinearity between the independent valuables. The variance inflation factors and tolerance values are computed and found to be consistently smaller than ten and one respectively indicating absence of multicollinearity (Neter, Kutner, Nachtsheim, and Wasserman, 1996 and Casey and Anderson 1999). In addition, the tolerance values are consistently smaller than 1. 0 thus further substantiates the fact that there is no multicollinearity between independent variables (Tobachnick, and Fidell, 1996). The following regression result of the study is presented and discussed. Table 3: Regression Results Variable| Coefficient| T-Statistic| Sig. | | BS| 0. 355| 4. 123| 0. 000*| | BC| 0. 196| 2. 360| 0. 021**| | OC| 0. 144| 3. 673| 0. 008*| | IS| 0. 186| 4. 890| 0. 002*| | DP| 0. 520| 4. 873| 0. 000*| | FS| -0. 488| -4. 908| 0. 000*| | R-sq uared| 0. 43| Adjusted R-squared| 0. 40| F-statistic| 10. 46| F-Sig| 0. 000*| Durbin-Watson stat| 1. 99| | | Source: Output of data analysis using E-view The results show that the estimated model of the study is fit because all the explanatory variables are significant in determining the dependent variable. It can also be observed that the coefficients of all the explanatory variables are positive except for the control variable firm size signifying that none of the explanatory variables is inversely related with quality of earnings among Nigerian deposit money banks. The cumulative influence of all the explanatory variables put together is able to explain the dependent variable to 40% as indicated by the adjusted R2 and the remaining 60% is controlled by other factors. Again, the value of the F- statistic 10. 46 and significant at 1% confirms that the model is well fitted. This provides evidence of rejecting the null hypothesis that corporate governance mechanisms have no significant impact on the quality of earnings among Nigerian deposit money banks. The Durbin- Watson of 1. 99 reveals that serial correlation will not pose a problem to the statistical result of the study. The result in respect of board size and board composition shows that both of them positively and statistically significant at 1% and 5% respectively. This implies that the more their numbers the better the quality of earnings among Nigerian DMBs. For board size, the result reveals that Nigerian banks should have a minimum of 9 and maximum of 20 executive and non-executive directors for their reported earnings to be of quality. The finding supported that of Jensen (1993) and Lipton and Lorsch (1992) who suggest that small boards are less effective monitors and are easier for CEOs to influence and contradicts those of Yermack (1996), Eisenberg et al. (1998) and Loderer and Peyer (2002). The findings related to board composition or independence is line with (Hashim and Devi, 2008; Cornet et al. , 2009), and contrary to (Cornet et al. 2007; Roodposhti and Chashmi, 2010; Shah, Zafar and Durrani, 2009). Therefore, the policy implication is for Nigerian banks to have atleast 10% and not more than 50% independent directors out of the total maximum number of directors of 20. Moreover, for institutional share holders the result reveals that institutional shareholding is positively significant in influencing the quality of earnings among the Nigerian DMBs. This implies that banks with high number of institutional holders, their managers are easily restrained to manipulate accounting numbers. Looking at the level of association between institutional ownership and loan loss provision, a positive relation emerged and supported statistically. This significant association indicates that institutional investors are a major consideration in managers aggressive earnings management strategy. This result is not surprising as it shows institutional investors in Nigerian banks are effective in constraining managerial behaviour of earnings management. Consistent with the argument that institutional investors in Nigeria create incentives for managers of their portfolio firms to manage earnings aggressively, these institutional investors focus excessively on current earnings performance (Koh, 2003). Interestingly, this study extends the findings of Shehu (2011) who used a sample of 63 firm-year observations to document a positive relationship between institutional investors and financial reporting quality in the Nigerian banking industry. It also supports Cornett et al. (2008) who used 24,005 sample of U. S. industrial firms to document a postive and robust relationship between institutional investors and firm performance even when performance is stripped of the discretionery accruals. However, it contradicts that of Dabo and Adeyemi (2009) who fail to establish a statistically significant association between institutional shareholding and managers’ opportunistic behaviour using 20 most active quoted firms on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. Moreso, it conflicts with the finding of Al-Fayoum (2010) in their sample of Jordanian industrial firms. It can therefore be concluded that large institutional shareholding in the Nigerian manufacturing firms helps to allay the agency problem and leads to the protection of minority shareholders’ interest. In addition, the result in respect of ownership concentration and earnings quality reveals that ownership concentration is positively and strongly impacting on earnings quality at 1% level of significance among Nigerian deposit money banks. This is in line with our expectation, because given the fact that in most cases the institutions are the blockhoders of the company, therefore the results of the two variables would go in the same direction. The result contradicts the findings of Roodposhti and Chashmi (2010), Klai and Omri (2011) and supports the findings of Hashmi and Devi (2008). The implication of this finding is that the concentration of equity ownership in the hands of few individuals should be encouraged by the bank regulatory authorities. An equity ownership ceiling that should be raise. The result regarding dividend payment and earning management shows that managers will decline from managing earnings to enable them pay dividend to share holders. Statistically, dividend payment influences earning quality at 1% level of significance. This finding is in line with Bello (2013), Goergen,(2007) and Jensen (1986). Finally, the control variables banks’ size significantly and inversely affected the quality of earnings of DMBs in Nigeria. Size appears to affect earnings management inversely indicating that banks with larger assets have low earnings quality since they engage more in earnings management. This may be as result of the availability of much asset may motivate the managers to discretionary take selfish decisions to benefit their personal interest. 5. Conclusion and Recommendation Boards of directors, institutional and block holdings are responsible for monitoring, evaluating, and disciplining banks’ management. Perhaps one of the most important responsibilities of the board from a creditor’s perspective is oversight of earnings quality. Consistent with this idea, it is found that board size, board composition, ownership concentration, institutional shareholdings and dividend paid are all st rongly playing a prominent role in restraining management toward earning management.

An Occurance at Owl Creek Bridge essays

An Occurance at Owl Creek Bridge essays For as long as videos have been available to the public, there has been the question of whether or not they are as stimulating to the mind as the written story. Ambrose Bierces, An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge, and the short film it became when director, Robert Enrico adapted it to a visual medium, would be a good set to study to answer this question. They have their similarities, such as preparation, themes, and plot. Both also bring their own tactics to the storytelling table. The two versions of this story give a sense, by placing union troops around a perimeter, that the main character is surrounded, with no chance of escape. He has a love for nature, family, and life in both. This is illustrated by the way that he thinks of his wife and shows love for the earth when he is alive. Both consist of a series of escapes ending with a sudden, shocking death. Time is imaginary, and is warped and deliberately mishandled in both. Both use death to end the warp in time and bring the audience back to reality. The film version of this story adds a definite sense of sound with a soundtrack. This helps to stir emotions, and the lyrics help get a point across. The film also brings into play a bit of symbolism, leading to many parallels with the crucifixion of Jesus. The written story tells us some background of who the main character is, and fills in the story behind his hanging. Both Robert Enricos film and Ambrose Bierces written work tell approximately the same story, but both have their own way of doing it. As for all films and books, the same may be true. Both are beneficial to audiences in their own way. ...

Freedom Riders Movie Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Freedom Riders Movie Analysis - Assignment Example The assignment "Freedom Riders Movie Analysis" talks about the film "Freedom Riders" of 1961 by analyzing a story of more than 400 Americans who took part in a bold and a grievous exercise to arouse the conscience of a complacent nation. The fight for freedom lasted for six months, from May-November 1961. The documentary does not only record the actions of these young activists but also reminds the audience about the immense struggle to change the law. The producer of the documentary, Stanley Nelson Earl, was born in 1951 in the New York City of United States of America. He graduated from the Leonard Davis Films School in 1976, having attained a degree in Fine Arts. After school, he got employed by William Greaves filmmaker. Currently, Nelson works with the Fire Media as an Executive Director of the firm. His most notable films are The murder of Emmett Till, Freedom Riders, Wounded Knee, and A place of Our Own in 2004 among others. In the year 1961, most parts of the South public were still fractioned into areas for whites and blacks, despite the Supreme Court ruling that racial segregation was against the law. The Civil Rights Movement was at a turning point. President John Kennedy's administration had done very little concerning segregation, though the President was speaking in favor of civil rights. A group of student activists, both whites and blacks stepped forward to push for desegregation. These activists were traveling together by bus to the segregation-affected areas.

Considering both sides of the conflict, could the War for Independence Essay

Considering both sides of the conflict, could the War for Independence have been avoided Consider military engagements prior to - Essay Example The textbook says that â€Å"Britain had previously never exercised much direct control over the colonies (Millett & Maslowski, 1994, p. 53).† In contrast, the reality was that pre-war measures taken by Britain like the establishment of Proclamation Line, placement of the British garrisons and arbitrarily taxing the colonies amounted to blatant attempts to exercise control while sidelining the popular aspirations of the colonies (Millett & Maslowski, 1994, p. 53). One direct outcome of this political debacle on the part of Britain was its highhanded approach towards things based on the false perceptions created by the Loyalists. It was true that,†England underestimated the militia’s potential and patriot numerical strength (Millett & Maslowski, 1994, p. 56).† The conflict could have been avoided if Britain had given heed to the popular expressions of dissent rising way back in 1765, when only select colonies vouched for complete independence. A majority of t he patriots even during the early phase of the war were fighting for their rights as English subjects and not for complete independence (Millett & Maslowski, 1994, p. 53).

IOM and Nursing Transformation Essay Example for Free

IOM and Nursing Transformation Essay The Institute of Medicine (IOM) is an American, not-for-profit, non-governmental, unaffiliated, organization created for the sole purpose to serve as an advisor to the government and every sector in society in order to make better informed health care decisions. Established in 1970 the IOM organization has been answering the nation’s most pressing questions about health care over the past 4 decades. October 5, 2010, the IOM in collaboration with The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF), released its recommendations on nursing in the United States. The report entitled, â€Å"The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health† explore the need for health care nursing professionals to evolve and prepare for the dynamic work environment in which they will take part, providing an action-oriented blue print for the health care professional as a guide to practice (Institute of Medicine, 2010). The IOM report continues to have an immense impact on nursing care today, transforming primary practice, education, and the leadership roles of health care provider. Within the IOM report, 4 key messages were provided as follows, 1. Nurses should practice to the full extent of their education and training. 2. Nurses should achieve higher levels of education and training through an improved education system that promotes seamless academic progression. 3. Nurses should be full partners with physicians and other health care professionals in redesigning healthcare in the U.S. 4. Effective workforce planning and policy making require better data collection and an improved information infrastructure (Institute of Medicine, 2010, p. 4). On the grand scale, nursing is by far the largest force in health care, by sheer numbers the impact nurses make in health care is astounding. Nurses are vital to the change and success of health care reform. The IOM cites the Affordable Care Act (ACA), a new law signed into effect March 23, 2010, by President Obama. The ACA allows the public better access to care, stronger Medicare, more affordable coverage, and stronger consumer rights and protections (THE WHITEHOUSE.GOV, n.d.). What The ACA means for nursing practice is, with insurance becoming more readily accessible to the public, it is inevitable that patient loads will increase causing a higher demand for educated and skilled nurses. New rules mandating patients and practitioners meeting face-to-face at the start of care and mandating regular check-ups as preventative care will also increase demand for nurses. To meet this growing need for health care professionals current and prospective providers look to provide motivation. Funding has been made available to nurses as an incentive to pursue advanced degrees and become lifelong learners by creating stricter regulation for continuing education requirements. Employers are becoming extremely cognizant of the growing demand and are willing to provide career assistance, and tuition reimbursement in order to remain competitive in the healthcare industry as well as increase employee retention. Education is vital to achieve the goal of the IOM desiring to increase the number of BSN educated nurses from 50% to 80% by the year 2020(The Forum of Nursing Workforce Centers, 2012). With education, comes responsibility. As part of the vision of the IOM, nurses should become full partners in collaboration and shall become leaders, whether it be formal or informal. Leadership should be integrated in all aspects of nursing, â€Å"from the bedside to the boardroom† (Institute of Medicine, 2010, p. 221). Leaders aren’t just policy makers and managers anymore, they are mentors, teachers and advocates, for their patients as well as each other. As leaders nurses should collaborate with multidisciplinary team members to provide safe and effective care, sharing their knowledge, skills and critical thinking expertise. Being an informal leader also involves mentoring peers and acting as a resource, fostering an environment conducive for growth and success as well as professional development. Addressing the call to action by changing practices to meet the recommendations is vital to the transformation of nursing. To meet this call to action, my first goal is to obtain my Bachelor of Science in nursing degree. Education is the foundation the gives us the ability to grow and thrive in our profession successfully. I challenge myself to continue with my education and going forward continue on the path as a lifelong learner. I vow to seek opportunities available to me to enhance my knowledge and skill base whether it is through my employer, my state required continuing education credits (CEU’s), or a nursing organization such as my membership with the American Association of Critical Care nurses (AACN). I will continue to collaborate with all team members, be an advocate and to be a mentor and a resource to my peers, and promote education and learning through them as well. And finally I will accept this call to action by challenging my other peers and cohorts to do the same. References Institute of Medicine. (2010). The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health. Retrieved from http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12956page=R1 THE WHITEHOUSE.GOV. (n.d.). http://www.whitehouse.gov/healthreform/healthcare-overview#healthcare-menu The Forum of Nursing Workforce Centers. (2012). http://nursingworkforcecenters.org/Resources/files/StateImpactOfIOMReportOnNursing.pdf

Economics :: essays research papers

Coca - Cola On the 14th of June Coca-Cola’s soft drinks were banned from the markets in Belgium and later also in Luxemburg and France. Two failures in the bottling system were the cause for the nausea that the people suffered. According to the article it would have been better if they would have acted fast and told the whole truth. Coca- Cola is in an ologopolistic market and therefore branding plays a great role. It is possible that the company ha lost market shares, due to this accident. In the ologopolistic market the firms don’t compete with price, but rather with advertising and other non-price strategies. Therefore one can predict that this scandal has shifted the demand curve to the left. This accident can be seen as a negative externality. The government should make Coca Cola increase their health controls (internalise their externalities), if scandals of this sort happen again. They can enforce this by either subsidies (reward) of in this case taxation (punishment). People who would usually only buy Coca Cola due to the heavy advertising might try a substitute during the time of the ban. This can be seen as a sort of free promotion for the others in the market. According to the zero sum game, the lose that Coca Cola is making right now is directly proportional to the profits the other firms are making in the respected market. Coca Cola will need to take further actions to restore their brand name that they have established throughout all these years. This will significantly influences their total added costs. A strong brand has very few goods substitutes and it is very difficult for competitors to challenge the supremacy of the brand. This health scandal might have opened the doors fro new competitors. In the long run this can lead to Coca Cola’s costs for advertising to increase or furthermore they could lose control of the market and fall into a disequilibrium. The accelerator theory suggests that the level of planned investments varies with t he rate of change of income or output rather than with the rate of interest. It will be hard for the big American company to fulfil their expectations of expansion in Europe with no investors being pleased with their progress. Best Foot forward at Reebok On October 18th Reebok published a 41 page report on how it is dealing with its workers in Indonesia.